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Myəllifəti išorə

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Numunə:Punktuasyonə işoron Myəllifəti ǧejd/išorə (copyright symbol/ copyright sign), bənə © (dairə dılədə kəšə bə jolə "C" hərf), - ǧərəz cy sədo nyvyštə kardəbə kon (ke, əvon dy ℗ symbol, əsəron, kon myəllifəti ǧejd kardejro istifodə byə išorə, simvol. Simvoli istifodə dy Amerikə Ibyə Štaton Muəllifəti ǧanuni[1] və beynəlxalǧ ən dy Universal Muəllifəti Konvensijə nyvyštə byə.[2] The C stands for copyright.

Taryx

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Myəllifəti ǧejd iminə kərəm AIŠ-i 1802 sori Myəllifəti Həxon Aktədə tələb kardə byə.[3] Cəj mətn jgo byə: "Bə Kongresi Əkti ujǧun, Numunə:QuadNumunə:Quad sorədə, A. B. tərəfədə, Kongresi Kitobxonə ofisədə, Vašingtonədə. "Umumən, ym ǧejd (nišon) myəllifi əsəri štənədə nıšo bənine. Ənčəxən, "təsviri sənətə (beaux art) əsər", məsələn ki, bənə rəsmə əsər beədə, cəj cərcivə "on the face of the substance on which [the work of art] shall be mounted".[4] The Copyright Act was amended in 1874 to allow a much shortened notice: "Copyright, 18Numunə:QuadNumunə:Quad, by A. B."[5]

The copyright symbol © was introduced in the United States Copyright Act of 1909, section 18.[6]

The Copyright Act of 1909 was meant to be a complete rewrite and overhaul of existing copyright law. As originally proposed in the draft of the bill, copyright protection required putting the word "copyright" or a sanctioned abbreviation on the work of art itself, also for paintings, the argument being that the frame was detachable. In conference sessions among copyright stakeholders on the proposed bill, conducted in 1905 and 1906, representatives of artist organizations objected to this requirement, wishing to put no more on the work itself than the artist's name. As a compromise, the possibility was created to add a relatively unintrusive mark, the capital letter C within a circle, to appear on the work itself next to the artist's name, indicating the existence of a more elaborate copyright notice elsewhere that was still to be allowed to be placed on the mounting.[7] Indeed, the version of the bill that was submitted to Congress in 1906, compiled by the Copyright Commission under the direction of the Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam, contained a provision that a special copyright symbol, the letter C inclosed within a circle, could be used instead of the word "copyright" or the abbreviation "copr.", but only for a limited category of copyrightable works, including works of art but not ordinary books or periodicals.[8] The formulation of the 1909 Act was left unchanged when it was incorporated in 1946 as title 17 of the United States Code; when that title was amended in 1954, the symbol © was allowed as an alternative to "Copyright" or "Copr." in all copyright notices.[9]

Prior symbols indicating a work's copyright status are seen in Scottish almanacs of the 1670s; books included a printed copy of the local coat-of-arms to indicate their authenticity.[10]

In countries party to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, including the modern-day U.S., a copyright notice is not required to be displayed in order for copyright to be established; rather, the creation of the work automatically establishes copyright.[11]

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Numunə:Main In the United States, the copyright notice consists of:[12]

  • the © symbol, or the word "Copyright" or abbreviation "Copr.";
  • the year of first publication of the copyrighted work; and
  • an identification of the owner of the copyright, either by name, abbreviation, or other designation by which it is generally known.

e.g.

© 2011 John Smith

The notice was once required in order to receive copyright protection in the United States, but in countries respecting the Berne convention this is no longer the case. The United States joined the Berne Convention in 1989.[11]

Digital representation

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Because the © symbol has long been unavailable on typewriters and ASCII-based computer systems, it has been common to approximate this symbol with the characters (C).

The character is mapped in Unicode as Numunə:Unichar.[13] Unicode also has Numunə:Unichar and Numunə:Unichar.[14] They are sometimes used as a substitute copyright symbol where the actual copyright symbol is not available in the font or in the character set, for example, in some Korean code pages.

On Windows it máy be entered by holding the Numunə:Key press while typing the numbers Numunə:Nowrap on the numeric keypad. It can be entered on a Mac by holding the Option key and then pressing the "g" key. On Linux, it can be obtained with the Numunə:Key press Numunə:Key press Numunə:Key press ComposeKey sequence.

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References

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  1. ↑ 17 U.S.C. Numunə:UnitedStatesCodeSec
  2. ↑ Universal Copyright Convention, Article III, §1. (Paris text, July 24, 1971.)
  3. ↑ "Copyright Law Revision Study Number 7, page 6" (PDF). United States Copyright Office. United States Government Printing Office. İstifadə tarixi: 14 June 2013.
  4. ↑ Copyright Act of 1870, §97.
  5. ↑ 1874 Amendment to the Copyright Act of 1870, §1.
  6. ↑ Copyright Act of 1909, §18.
  7. ↑ Arguments before the Committees on Patents of the Senate and House of Representatives, conjointly, on the bills S. 6330 and H.R. 19853, to amend and consolidate the acts respecting copyright. June 6–9, 1906. Government Printing Office. 1906. səh. 68.
  8. ↑ Numunə:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Public Law 743—August 31, 1954. 68 Stat. 102.
  10. ↑ Mann, Alastair J. A Mongrel of Early Modern Copyright // In Deazley, Ronan (ed.). Privilege and property: essays on the history of copyright. Open Book Publishers. 2010. ISBN 978-1-906924-18-8.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Molotsky, Irvin. "Senate Approves Joining Copyright Convention". The New York Times. October 21, 1988. İstifadə tarixi: September 22, 2011.
  12. ↑ Numunə:Usc
  13. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf
  14. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2460.pdf
  15. ↑ Numunə:Citation
  16. ↑ "Unicode copyleft inquiry".
  17. ↑ Hall, G. Brent. Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling. Springer. 2008. səh. 29. ISBN 3-540-74830-X. Additional ISBN 978-3-540-74830-4. See Numunə:Google books, page 29.
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